General Knowledge for SSC Exams (Modern Indian History)

The period from 1707 AD, the year when Aurangzeb died, to 1857, the year of the Indian uprising. saw the gradual increase of the European influence in India. The Europeans had been filtering into India for a long time before they actually decided to set up shop here. Even though the British got away with the jackpot. the real pioneers to reach India were the Portuguese. Full of crusading and commercial zeal, Vasco di Gama was the first known European to reach India in 1498, even before the Mughals arrived here. When Vasco di Gama docked his ship in Calicut, he announced that he came in search of “Christians and spices” and the very first people he met here were Christians, who were descendants of those who had settled in India way back in the 4th century AD.

Portuguese Rule

The Portuguese settled down to a very prosperous trade in spices with India. The Muslim rulers in Delhi and then the Mughals never really warmed up to the idea of a foreign power continuing trade on the seas under their imperial noses. What’s more, they were not exactly very honest traders too, since they thought that no word that was given to an infidel need be kept. So much so that the word phirangi. or foreigner in colloquial, came to be a hissing and a byword among locals. In fact in Goa, where the Portuguese ruled, intolerance levels ran high and even the building of Hindu temples was banned. Alberquerque (1509-1515), who was the second Portugese viceroy in India, encouraged mixed marriages with the sole object of creating a mixed race who were Portuguese Catholics, and who would be bound by race and culture to the Portuguese. They were known as Luso-Indians at one time and now simply as Goans.

Advent of Dutch

The Dutch came shipping in the East for the first time in 1595. However, they did not come to India initially, and established themselves at the helm of things in the spice trade in Jakarta. India carne into the picture for them purely as a route to Europe, as part of a great Asian trade route that they developed which went through Ceylon and Cape Town. Although the Dutch had their factories dotting all over in Cochin, Nagapatam and even up in Agra) they did not attempt to gain military power, being quite content to gain in cash.

French Invaders

Although the French King Locus XII had granted letters of monopoly to French traders in 1611, it was not until December 1667, that a French company was actually set up in India. This was at Surat (in Gujrat) with Francis Caron as its Director-General. Soon, in 1669, another French company came up in Masulipatnam, thanks to a grant by the king of Golconda. which exempted the French from paying import and export duty. In 1672, Caron’s place was taken by Francis Martin, who is regarded as the real founder of the French.

English Formed East India Company

The English, formed their East India Company on the last day of 1600 and entered the East India hand in hand with the Dutch. Their foes were common-the Portuguese and Catholic Spain and this brought them closer. However, familiarity breeds contempt, and soon the English realized that the Dutch were not willing to share their space in Spice Islands (East India) with them. Things became grim enough for the British to finally run away and find refuge in India. It was this success of the Dutch to hang on, with characteristic tenaciousness to the Spice Islands that finally made the British to settle on India as the second-best; because spices in India were essentially only in the south where the local rulers and other Europeans already had a monopoly. The naval supremacy of Britishers made them succeeded. In 1612, the Mughal emperor Jahangir received Sir Thomas Roe, the first ambassador of the British to Indian aristocracy. Roe’s diplomacy with the Mughals was so successful that by a treaty in 1618 the East India Company became their unspoken, unsaid, naval aide. By 1674, Bombay came to the British as part of the dowry of Charles II’s Portuguese queen Catherine, and from here they never looked back.

First War of Independence

Also called the Sepoy Muting or the Revolt of 1857. On 29 March 1857, during the vice-royalty of Lord Canning. an Indian Sepoy of the 34th regiment, Mangal Pandey, killed two British affairs en Parade at Barrackpore. The Indian Soldier’s Present on Parade refused to obey orders to arrest Mangal Pandey. However, he was latter arrested, and hanged. The news spread like wild fire to all contanments in the country and very soon a country wide Sepoy revolt broke out from Lucknow, Ambala, Bahampur and Meerut.

Important of the Revolt:

1. The revolt was mainly feudal in character carrying with it some nationalist elements.
2. The control of Indian administration was passed on the British crown by the Government of India Act 1858.
3. The army was carefully recognized to present the recruitment of such as event.

British Governor Generals and Viceroys of India

Bengal Governor General
Warren Hastings (1772-1785)

•  Brought the Dual Government of Bengal to an end by the Regulating Act, 1773.• Deprived zamindars of their judicial powers and Civil and Criminal courts were established.

•  Maintenance of records was made compulsory.

•  Great patron of oriental learning, founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784, wrote introduction to the first English translation of. ‘The Gita’ by Charles Wilkins.

•  Impeachment Proceedins started against him when he returned on the charges of taking bribe. After a trial of 7 years, he was finally acqutted.

Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)

•  Did the Permanent Settlement of Bengal (also called Zamindari System).

•  First person to codify laws. The code separated the revenue administration of from the administration justice.

•  Police Reforms

•  The civil service was brought into existence.

Lord Wellesley (1798-1805)

•  Adopted the policy of Subsidiary Alliance- a system to keep the Indian rulers under control and to make the British, the paramount power.

•  The states that accepted this policy were the Nizam of Hyderabad the Ruler of Mysore, the Raja of Tanjore, the Peshwa, Nawab of Awadh, the the Bhonsle Raja of Berar, the Scindia, the Rajputs of Jodhpur, Jaipur, etc.

Governor Generals of India

Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)

•  Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Seti (1829 and elimination of thugs (1830).,

•  Made English the medium of higher education in the country (After the recommondation of Macaulay).

•  Suppressed female infonticide and child sacrifice.

•  Charter Act of 1833 was passed: made him the first Governor General of India. Before him, the designation was Governor General of Bengal.

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856)

•  Opened the first Indian Railway in 1853 (from Bombay to Thane).

•  Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).

•  Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848). Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849). Udaipur (1862); Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).

•  Established the postal system

•  Made Shimla, the summer capital.

•  Started Engineering college at Roorkee.

•  In 1854, ‘Wood’s Dispatch’ was passed, which provided for the properly anticulated system of education from the primary school to university.

•  Due to Ishwar Chandra Vidvasagar’s efforts, remarriage of widows was legalized by Widow Remarriage Act, 1856.

Lord Canning (1856-1862)

•  The last Governor General and the first Viceroy.

•  Mutiny took place in his time.

•  On November 1858, the rule passed on to the crown.

•  Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.

•  The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857.

•  Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.

Lord Mayo (1869-1872)

•  Started the process of financial decentralization in India

•  Established the Rajkot College at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer, for the Indian princes.

•  Far the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871.

•  Organized the Statistical

•  Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872.

Lord Lytton (1876-1880)

•  Known as the Viceroy reverse characters

•  Organized the Grand Delhi Durban’ in 1877 to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’.

•  Arms Act (1878), made ;t mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms.

•  Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act 118’70.

Lord Ripon (1380-1884)

•  Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882).

•  Passed the local self-government Act (1882).

•  Took steps too improve primary and secondary education (on William Hunter Commission’s recommendations),

•  The Factory Act.. 1881.L aimed at prohibiting child labour.

•  Passed the ilbert Bill (1883), which nabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn later, Lord Curzon (1899-1905)

•  Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904). in which official control over the Universities was Increased.

•  Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces:

1. Bengal (proper)
2. East Bengal and Assam.

•  The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897-98 led him to create the North Western Frontier (NWFP).

•  Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore India’s culture heritage. Thus, the Archaeological Survey of India was established.

•  Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899). and put India on a gold standard.

Lord Minto (1905-1910)

•  There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the revolutionary activities, Extremists like Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May. 1907) and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.

•  The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley Minto Reforms was passed.

Lord Hardinge (1910-1916)

•  Held a durbar in December, 1911, to celebrate the coronarioti of King George V.

•  Partition of Bengal alas camel led (191 1): capital skilled from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).

•  A bomb was thrown at him, but he escaped unhurt (December 23, 1912).

•  Gandhiji came back to India from S. Africa (1915)

•  Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.

Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)

•  August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people.

•  The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford reforms) was passed.

•  Rowlatt Act of 1915; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 1919).

•  Non-cooperation Movement.

•  A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.

•  Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage nets educational policy.

Lord Reading (1921-1926)

•  Suppressed non.-cooperation movement,

•  Moplah-rebellion (1921) took place in Kent,),,

•  Formation of Swaraj Party.

•  Communist party was founded in 1921 by M.N. Roy.

•  Kakory Train Robbery on August 9, 1925.

Lord Irwin (1926-1931)

•  Simon commission visited India in 1928.

•  Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.

•  Dandi March (March 12, 1930)­

•  Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).

•  First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930.

•  Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn.

•  Martyrdom of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike t 1929).

Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)

•  Second Round Table Conference in London 1931

•  On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in January 1932.

•  Communal Awards (August 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities. Gandhiji went on a epic fast in protest against this division.

•  Third Round Table Conference in 1932.

•  Poona Pact was signed.

•  Government of India Act (1935) was passed.

Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944)

•  Government of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11 provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till October 1939, when they gave up offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the World War II. The Muslim League observed the day as ‘Deliverance. Day’ (22nd December).

•  Churchill became the British Prime minister in May, 1949. He declared that the Atlantic Charter (issued jointly by the UK and IS, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have been forcibly deprived; of them) does not apply to India.

•         Outbreak of World War II in 1939.

•         Cripps Mission in 1942.

•         Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).

Lord Wavell (1944-1947)

•  Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).

•  Election, to the constituent assembly held and an Interim Government was appointed under Nehru.

•  First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on December 9, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten (March 1947-August 1947)

•  Last Viceroy of British India and the first, Governor General of free India.

•  Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.

•  Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became independent on August 15, 1947.

•  Retired in June 1948, and succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari (the first and the last Indian Governor General of free India).

• Join Online Coaching for SSC Exams

  Join Online Coaching for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

  Buy Printed Study Material for SSC Exam

  Buy Printed Study Material for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

General Knowledge for SSC Exams (Indian History: Important Dates)

I. Ancient

BC

• 2300–1750 : Indus Valley Civilization.

• From 1500 : Coming of the Aryans.

• 1200–800 : Expansion of the Aryans in the Ganga Valley.

• 600 : Age of the 16 Mahajanapadas of northern India.

• 563–483 : Buddha’s Life-span.

• 540–468 : Mahavir’s Life-span.

• 362–321 : Nanda dynasty.

• 327–326 : Alexander’s invasion of India. It opened a land route between India and Europe.

• 322 : Accession of Chandragupta Maurya.

• 305 : Defeat of Seleucus at the hands of Chandragupta Maurya.

• 273–232 : Ashoka’s reign.

• 261 : Conquest of Kalinga.

• 145–101 : Regin of Elara, the Chola king of Sri Lanka.

• 58 : Beginning of Vikram era.

AD

• 78 : Beginning of Saka era.

• 78-101 : Kanishka’s reign.

• 319–320 : Commencement of Gupta era.

• 380 : Accession of Chandragupta II ‘Vikramaditya’

• 405–411 : Visit of Chinese traveller Fahien.

• 415 : Accession of Kumargupta I.

• 455 : Accession of Skandagupta.

• 606–647 : Harshavardhan’s reign.

II. Medieval

• 712 : First invasion in Sindh by Arabs (Mohd. Bin Qasim).

• 836 : Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj.

• 985 : Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola ruler.

• 998 : Accession of Sultan Mahmud Ghazni.

• 1001 : First invasion of India by Mahmud Ghazni who defeated Jaipal, ruler of Punjab.

• 1025 : Destruction of Somnath Temple by Mahmud Ghazni.

• 1191 : First battle of Tarain.

• 1192 : Second battle of Tarain.

• 1206 : Accession of Qutubuddin Aibak to the throne of Delhi.

• 1210 : Death of Qutubuddin Aibak.

• 1221 : Chengiz Khan invaded India (Mongol invasion).

• 1236 : Accession of Razia Sultana to the throne of Delhi.

• 1240 : Death of Razia Sultana.

• 1296 : Accession of Alauddin Khilji.

• 1316 : Death of Alauddin Khilji.

• 1325 : Accession of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.

• 1327 : Transfer of capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in Deccan by the Muhammad-in-Tughlaq.

• 1336 : Foundation of Vijaynagar empire in the South.

• 1351 : Accession of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.

• 1398 : Timur’s invasion of India.

• 1469 : Birth of Guru Nanak.

• 1494 : Accession of Babur in Farghana.

• 1497–98 : First voyage of Vasco di Gama to India (discovery of sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope)

• 1526 : First Battle of Panipat; Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi; foundation of Mughal dynasty by Babur.

• 1527 : Battle of Khanwa-Babur defeated Rana Sanga.

• 1530 : Death of Babur and accession of Humayun.

• 1539 : Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa and became India’s emperor.

• 1555 : Humayun recaptured the throne of Delhi.

• 1556 : Second Battle of Panipat (Bairam Khan defeated Hemu).

• 1556 : Battle of Talikota (Rakshasa-Tangadi).

• 1576 : Battle of Haldighati-Rana Pratap was defeated by Akbar.

• 1582 : Din-i-Ilahi founded by Akbar.

• 1600 : English East India Company established.

• 1605 : Death of Akbar and accession of Jahangir.

• 1606 : Execution of Guru Arjun Dev, the 5th Guru of Sikhs.

• 1611 : Jahangir marries Nurjahan.

• 1615 : Sir Thomas Roe visits Jahangir.

• 1627 : Birth of Shivaji and death of Jahangir.

• 1628 : Shahjahan becomes emperor of India.

• 1631 : Death of Mumtazmahal.

• 1634 : The English permitted to trade in India (in Bengal).

• 1659 : Accession of Aurangzeb, Shahjahan imprisoned.

• 1665 : Shivaji imprisoned by Aurangzeb.

• 1666 : Death of Shahjahan.

• 1675 : Execution of Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of Sikhs.

• 1680 : Death of Shivaji.

• 1707 : Death of Aurangzeb.

• 1708 : Death of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs.

• 1739 : Nadir Shah invades India.

• 1757 : Battle of Plassey, establishment of British political rule in India at the hands of Lord Clive.

• 1761 : Third battle of Panipat.

III. Modern

• 1764 : Battle of Buxar.

• 1765 : Clive appointed Company’s Governor in India.

• 1767–69 : First Angle-Mysore War.

• 1780 : Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

• 1780-84 : Second Anglo-Mysore War.

• 1784 : Pitt’s India Act.

• 1790-92 : Third Anglo-Mysore War.

• 1793 : The Permanent Settlement of Bengal.

• 1799 : Fourth Anglo-Mysore War;Death of Tipu Sultan. 1802 Treaty of Bassein.

• 1809 : Treaty of Amritsar.

• 1829 : Practice of Sati prohibited.

• 1830 : Raja Rammohan Roy visits England.

• 1833 : Death of Raja Rammohan Roy at Bristol, England.

• 1839 : Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

• 1839–42 : First Anglo-Afghan War.

• 1845–46 : First Anglo-Sikh War.

• 1852 : Second Anglo-Burmese War.

• 1853 : First Railway line opened between Bombay and Thane and a Telegraph line in Calcutta.

• 1857 : The Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence.

• 1861 : Birth of Rabindranath Tagore.

• 1869 : Birth of Mahatma Gandhi.

• 1885 : Foundation of Indian National Congress.

• 1889 : Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru.

• 1897 : Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose.

• 1903 : Tibet Expedition.

• 1905 : Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon.

• 1906 : Foundation of Muslim League.

• 1911 : Delhi Darbar, King George V and Queen visit India; Delhi becomes the capital of India.

• 1914 : World War I begins.

• 1916 : Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim League and Congress, Foundation of BHU, Home Rule League founded.

• 1918 : World War I ends.

• 1919 : Montague-Chelmsford Reforms introduced, Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar.

• 1920 : Khilafat Movement launched, first meeting of All-India Trade Union Congress, Hunter Commission Report on Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Published First Non-cooperation movement launched by Gandhi.

• 1922 : Violent incidents at Chaura Chauri Gandhi calls of Non-cooperation movement.

• 1925 : Communist Party of India organised at Kanpur.

• 1927 : Boycott of Simon Commission, Broadcasting started in India.

• 1928 : Death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Nehru Report.

• 1929 : Resolution of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (complete independence) passed at Lahore Session of INC.

• 1930 : Civil disobedience movement launched, Dandhi March by Mahatma Gandhi (April 6, 1930) First round table conference held in London.

• 1931 : Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Civil Disobedience movement suspended Second round table conference held.

• 1932 : MacDonald announces communal award (modified by Poona Pact, September 24).

• 1935 : Government of India Act.

• 1937 : Provincial Autonomy, Congress forms ministries.

• 1938 : All India Kishan Sabha formed.

• 1939 : World War II begins (September 3), Resignation of Congress Ministries in Provinces.

• 1941 : Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India and death of Rabindranath Tagore.

• 1942 : Arrival of Cripps Mission in India, Quit India movement launched (August 8).

• 1943– 44 : SC Bose forms Provisional Government of Free India and Indian National Army in Singapore; Bengal famine.

• 1945 : Trial of Indian National Army at Red Fort, Shimla Conference; World War II ends.

• 1946 : British Cabinet Mission visits India; Interim government formed at the Centre. The Muslim league decides on “Direct Action” for winning Pakistan.

• 1947 : Division of India; India and Pakistan form separate independent dominions.

Important National Activities During Modern India

The Indian National Congress

•  Formed in 1885 by A.O. Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.

•  First session in Bombay under W.C. Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).

•  In the first two decades (1885-1905), quite moderate in its approach and confined in British justice and generosity.

•  But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).

Partition of Bengal

•  By Lord Curzon on October 16,1905, through a royal proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.

•  The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.

•  A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition.

Swadeshi Movement (1905)

•  Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.

•  Indian national congress took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905, presided over by Gopal Krishan Gokhale.

•  Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.

Formation of Muslim League (1906)

•  Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.

•  It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.

Demand for Swaraj

•  In December 1906 at Calcutta, the Indian National Congress and adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-government) as the goal of Indian peo

Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907)

•  The INC split into two groups-The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907, extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K. Gokhale.

Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909)

•  Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.

•  Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government’s side.

Ghadar Party (1913)

•  Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.

•  Head Quarter was at San Francisco.

Home Rule Movement (1916)

•  Started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak (April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).

•  Objective: Self-government for India in the British Empire.

•  Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.

Lucknow Pact (1916)

•  Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.

•  Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country).

August Declaration (1917)

• After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This came to be called the August Declaration.Rowlett Act (March 18, 1919)

• This gave unbridled powers to the government to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.

• Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre  (April 13, 1919)

•  People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.

•  General O’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.

•  As a result, hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.

•  Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.

•  Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.

•  On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Fall, London.

Khilafat Movement (1920)

•  Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.

•  Two brothers, Mobil. Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.

Non-cooperation Movement (1920)

•  It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.

•  Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in September 1920.

Chauri-Chaura Incident (1922)

•  A mob of people at Chauri-Chaura (near Gorakhpur), clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5,1922.

•  This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement on February 12, 1922.

Simon Commission (1927)

•  Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.

•  Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.

•  The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi charge. He succumbed to his injuries on October 30, 1928.

Lahore Session (1929)

•  On December 19, 1929 under the Presidentship of J. L. Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as its ultimate goal.

•  On December 31, 1929, the newly adopted tai-colour flag was unfurled and an 26 November, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year

Dandi March (1930)

•  Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.

•  He reached the seashore on Apr. 6, 1930.

•  He picked a ‘handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Revolultionary Activities

•  The, first political murder of a European was committed in 1897, at Pune by the Chapekar brothers. Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr. Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt. Ayerst was accidentally shot.

•  In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary, unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).

•  In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dart and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).

•  In 1909, M.L. Dhingra shot dead CH. William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of “India Office in London­

•  In 1912, Rashbihari Base and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb at Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).

•  In October 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).

•  They carried out a decoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on August 9, 1925.

•  Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S. P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on December 17, 1928.

•  Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on April 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March, 23, 1931 at Lahore Jail (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.

•  In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail.

•  Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933. In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.

First Round Table Conference (1930)

•  It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on November 12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.

•  Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.

Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931)

•  Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.

•  The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.

•  In this, the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table conference.

•  The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.

Second Round Table Conference (1931)

•  Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald.

•  However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo-Indians.

The Communal Award (Aug 16, 1932)

•  Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.

•  Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.

•  Gandhiji, who was’ in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.

Poona Pact (September 25, 1932)

•  After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere.

•  Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B. R. Ambedkar and M. C. Rajah became active.

•  Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (September 25, 1932).

• In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.

Third Round Table Conference (1932)

•  Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.

Demand for Pakistan

•  In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation.

•  Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.

•  Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.

•  Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.

The Cripps Mission-1942

•  In December 1941, Japan entered the World War II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.

•  The British government with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.

•  He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.

•  Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.

•  Gandhiji termed it as a postdated cheque in a crashing bank.

The Revolt of 1942 and The Quit India Movement

•  Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.

•  The resolution was passed on August 8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’.’

•  On August 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.

•  The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country.

•  The movement was however crushed.

The Indian National Army

•  Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.

•  S.C. Bose secretly escaped from India in January 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.

•  The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E. Asia.

•  Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).

•  INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.

The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)

•  The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander) will visit India.

•  The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.

•  On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan.

•  Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.

Formation of Interim Government (September 2, 1946)

•  Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept. 2, 1946. J. L. Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General remained as its President.

Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (August 16, 1946)

•  Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.

•  Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.

•  It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (August 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.

•  Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on March 27, 1947.

Formation of Constituent Assembly (December 9, 1946)

•  The Constituent assembly met on December 9, 1946 and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.

Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)

•  On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India’s political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:

•  India to be divided into India and Pakistan.

•  Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would beheld.

•  There would be a separate constitutional aswmbly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.

•  The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent.

•  August 15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.

•  The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten Plan.

Partition and Independence (August 1947)

•  All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.

•  At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.

•  Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.

Social and Cultural Uprising

Brahino Samaj

•  Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828.

•  Criticized Sati Pratha. casteism and advocated widow remarriage.

•  He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education, because he thought it would keep the country in darkness.

•  Other important leaders were Devenddranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) and Keshap Chandra Sen.

Arya Samaj

•  Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875.

•  His motto was ‘Go back to the vedas’ and ‘India for the Indians’. He disregarded Puranas, idol worship, casteism and untouchability. He advocated widow remarriage.

•  Dayanand’s views were published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash. He also wrote Veda Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya.

Ramakrishna Mission

•  Founded by Vivekanand (earlier, Narendranath Dutta) (1863-1902) in 1897, 11 years after death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans.

•  Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893.

•  Irish woman Margaret Nobel (Known as sister Nivedita) popularized it.

Young Bengal Movement

•  Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31). He was a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta.

•  He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported women’s education and their rights.

Veda Samaj

•  Veda Samaj called Brahmo Samaj of South. Started by Sridharalu Naidu.

•  He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu.

Servants of India Society

•  Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915.

•  It did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the tribals.

Radhaswami Movement

•  Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami Maharaj.

•  The sect preached belief in one supreme being, tae Guru’s supreme position and a simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis).

Theosophical Society

•  Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture.

•  Madam H. P. Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875. Later, Col. M. S. Olcott of the US Army joined her.

•  In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu).

•  Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.

Join Online Coaching for SSC Exams

Join Online Coaching for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

Buy Printed Study Material for SSC Exam

Buy Printed Study Material for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

(Syllabus) SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT EXAM

SYLLABUS

The details of the syllabus are given below.

Part-I

(i) General Intelligence &Reasoning:

The Syllabus for General Intelligence would include questions of both verbal and non-verbal type. The test may include questions on analogies, similarities, differences, space visualization, problem solving, analysis, judgement, decision making, visual memory, discrimination, observation, relationship concepts, arithmetical reasoning, verbal and figure classification, arithmetical number series etc. The test will also include questions designed to test the candidate‟s abilities to deal with abstract ideas and symbols and their relationships, arithmetical computations and other analytical functions.

(ii) Quantitative Aptitude:

The questions will be designed to test the ability of appropriate use of numbers and number sense of the candidate. The scope of the test will be computation of whole numbers, decimals, fractions and relationships between numbers, Percentage, Ratio & Proportion, Square roots, Averages, interest, Profit and Loss, Discount, Partnership Business, Mixture and Alligation, Time and Distance, Time & Work, Basic algebraic identities of School Algebra & Elementary Surds, Graphs of Linear Equations, Triangle and its various Kinds of centers, Congruence and similarity of triangles, Circle and its chords, tangents, angles subtended by chords of a circle, common tangents to two or more circles, Triangle, Quadrilaterals, Regular Polygons, Circle, Right Prism, Right Circular Cone, Right Circular Cylinder, Sphere, Hemispheres, Rectangular Parallelepiped, Regular Right Pyramid with triangular or square base, Trigonometric ratio, Degree and Radian Measures, Standard Identities, Complementary angle, Heights and Distances, Histogram, Frequency polygon,
Bar diagram & Pie chart.

(iii) English Language & Comprehension:

English grammar, Vocabulary, Spellings, Synonyms and Antonyms, Comprehension, Correct and incorrect usages, etc. (iv) General Awareness: General, physical, geographical, topographical, economic and climatic features of India. Current events. Matters of everyday observation and experience on scientific aspects and reasoning. Basic topics of mathematics, Chemistry and Physics. History
of India, its cultural heritage, freedom movement, salient feature of the Constitution of India.

Economic and social aspect of the country and its people.

Part-II

a) Physics

Mechanics: Units and dimensions, SI Units, Newton‟s Laws of Motion, conservation of linear and angular momentum, projectiles, rotational motion, moment of inertia, rolling motion, Newton‟s Law of gravitation, Planetary motion, Kepler‟s Laws of Planetary motion, artificial satellites, Fluid motion, Bernoulli‟s theorem, Surface tension, Viscosity, Elastic Constants, bending of beams, torsion of cylindrical bodies, elementary ideas of special theory of relativity.

Thermal Physics, Radiation & Sound: Thermometry, Zeroth, first and second laws of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Internal energy, Heat engines, Maxwell‟s relation, ideal and real gases, equations of state, Heat Capacities, Adiabatic and Isothermal processes, Clausius-Clapeyron relation, Thermal Conductivity, Entropy, Enthalpy, Dalton‟s law of partial pressure, Vapour pressure, Kinetic theory of gases, Brownian motion, Maxwell‟s velocity distribution, Equipartition of energy, mean free path Vander walls‟ equation of State, Liquefaction of gases. Blackbody radiation, Kirchhoff‟s law, Stephen‟s law, Planck‟s law. Conduction in solids.

Wave and Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion, wave motion, superposition principle, Damped oscillations; forced oscillations and resonance; simple oscillatory systems; vibrations of rods, strings and air columns. Doppler effect; Ultrasonic; Sabine‟s law of reverberation; Recording and reproduction of sound.

Optics: Nature and propagation of light; Reflection & Refraction. Interference; diffraction; polarization of light; simple interferometers. Determination of wavelength of spectral lines, Electromagnetic spectrum. Rayleigh scattering, Raman effect, Lenses and mirrors, combination of coaxial thin lenses, spherical and chromatic aberrations, and their corrections, Microscope, Telescope, Eyepieces and Photometry.

Electricity and magnetism: Electric charges, fields and potentials, Gauss‟s theorem, Electrometers, Dielectrics, Magnetic properties of matter and their measurement, Elementary theory of dia, para and ferro-magnetism, Hysteresis, Electric current and their properties, Ohm‟s law, Galvanometers, Whetstone‟s bridge and applications, Potentiometers, Faraday‟s law of E.M. induction, self and mutual inductance and their applications, alternating currents, impedance and resonance, LCR circuit, Dynamos, motors, transformers, Peltier-Seebeck and Thomson effects and applications, electrolysis, Hall effect, Hertz experiment and
electro-magnetic waves, Particle accelerators and cyclotron.

Atomic structure: Electron, measurement of "e" and "e/m", measurement of Planck Constant, Rutherford-Bohr Atom, X-rays, Bragg‟s law, Moseley‟s law,
Radioactivity, Alpha-Beta-Gamma emission, Elementary ideas of nuclear structures, Fission, Fusion and Reactors, Louis de Broglie waves and Electron Microscope.

Electronics; Thermo-ionic emission, diodes and triodes, p-n diodes and transistors, simple rectifier, amplifier and oscillator circuits.

b) Computer Science and Information Technology

Computer: History of Computer and their classification, Basic Organization, Memory – RAM, ROM, EPROM, etc, Magnetic-Floppy, Hard disks, CDROM, WORM etc, Concept of Virtual Memory and Cache Memory, Number systems, binary octal, Hexadecimal, Binary Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication, Flotation, point representation and arithmetic, Arithmetic through stacks.

Operating systems: assemblers, elements of Assembly language programming Overview of the Assembly process, assembler for the IBM PC, Process synchronization, Memory Management – address Binding – dynamic Loading and linking – overlays – logical and Physical address space – Contiguous Allocation - internal& External Fragmentation. Non-Contiguous Allocation: Paging and
Segmentation Schemes – Implementation – Hardware Protection – Protection – sharing – Fragmentation.

Virtual Memory: Demand Paging – Page Replacement – Page Replacement algorithms – Thrashing.

File System: File Concepts – Assess Methods – Directory Structures – Protection Consistency Semantics – File system Structures – Allocation Methods – Free Space Management.

I/O System: Overview – I/O hardware – Application I/O Interface – Kernel I/O subsystem, Performance, Secondary Storage Structures, Protection, Goals,
Domain – Access matrix.

Assemblers: Elements of assembly language programming – Overview of the Assembly process – Design of a low-pass Assembler – a single pass Assembler forthe IBM PC. The security Problem – Authentication – Threats – Threat Monitoring – Encryption.

Fundamentals of programming: Unix Programming, Programming in FORTRAN, C, Object Oriented Programming in C++, programming in Java, Basics of compilers.

Database Management Systems: Advantages and components of a Database Management Systems, Data Types, Data Dictionary, Query Basics, Forms and Reports, Graphical objects, Error Handing, Distributing Application, Data Storage Methods, Data Clustering and Partitioning, Database Administration, Backup and Recovery, Security and Privacy, Distributed Databases, Client/Server Databases, Object Oriented Databases, Integrated Applications, SQL, RDBMS.

Internet Technology: Basics, topologies, layers, switching in the networks, bridges, routers and gateways, types of networks, WWW. Client/Server Applications, Internet Standards and specifications, ISP, Broad Band
Technologies, Protocols, web-servers, browsers, and security, fire walls, date security, HTML, dHTML, XML, Web designing.

Fundamentals of Geographical Information System (GIS): GIS Data and Spatial Models, Topology ad Spatial Operations, Projections, Scale and Coordinate Systems, Mapping, GIS Analysis, Cartography. Basics of GIS application development.

c) Electronics & Telecommunication

i) Electronics: Conductors, Semi-conductors, Insulators, Magnetic, Passive components, characteristics of Resistors, Capacitors and inductors.PN Junction diode, forward and reverse bias characteristics and equivalent circuits of diode, Zener diode and applications, clipping, clamping and rectifier circuits using diodes. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) Field Effect Transistor (FET) and MOSFET; Biasing and stability, Emitter follower and its applications – Negatives feed backTransistor as a switch, Multistage Amplifiers, Feedback, Oscillators, Multivibrators, Voltage regulation, Power amplifiers. Introduction to Network Theorems: Kirchoff‟s laws, superposition, Thevenin‟s Norton‟s and Maximum power theorems. Voltage and Current relationship in the resistance, inductance and capacitance. Concept of reactance, susceptance, conductance, impedance and admittance in
series and parallel RL, RC and RLC circuits – Three phase supply-star and delta connection diagrams – Relation between line and phase & voltages and currents, series and parallel resonance circuits – condition of resonance, resonant frequency, Q factor and bandwidth.

Digital electronics: – Logic gates, Demorgan‟s theorem, Boolean algebra, frequency counters, flip-flops, shift resistors, Basic concepts of Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital Converters, Timing circuits, Digital logic circuits, systems & codes Combinational logic design.

ii) Telecommunication: Basic antenna principle directive gain, directivity, radiation pattern, broad-side and end-fire array, Yagi antenna, Parabolic antenna, Ground wave propagation, space waves, ionosphere propagation and electromagnetic frequency spectrum, Modulation, types of modulation, Amplitude Modulation (AM), Modulation index, Power relation in AM, Generation and Demodulation of AM.

Single Side Band (SSB): Power requirement in comparison with AM, Advantages of SSB over AM. Concept of Balanced Modulator, Generation of SSB, Pilot Carrier System. Independent Side System, Vestigial Sideband Transmission.

Frequency Modulation (FM): Definition of FM, Bandwidth, Noise triangle, Preemphasis and De-emphasis.

Pulse Modulation (PM): Definition of PM. Difference between AM and FM.

Radio receivers. Sampling Theorem, PAM, PTM, PWM, PPM, pulse code modulation, Quantization noise, commanding, PCM system, differential PCM, Delta modulation.

Multiplexing: FDM/TDM.

Introduction of digital Communication: PSK, ASK, FSK, introduction to fiber optics system, Propagation of light in optical fiber and ray model. Propagation of signals at HF, VHF, UHF and microwave frequency and satellite communications.

(E-book) Scientific Assistant (IMD) Exam Papers PDF

CLICK HERE FOR SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT EXAM STUDY MATERIALS

Go Back to Main Page

Courtesy : SSC

SSC CPO Exam Paper - 2017 "held on 01 July 2017" Shift-2

(English Comprehension)

351 - In the following question, some part of the sentence may have errors. Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from error, select 'No Error'. Madhuri and I have done my (1)/ work patiently and diligently (2)/ just for our safe and secure future. (3)/ No Error (4)

Options:

1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4

Correct Answer: 1

352 - In the following question, some part of the sentence may have errors. Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from error, select 'No Error'. Sunita is feeling little uncomfortable today (1)/ because she is ill, so she can perform (2)/ her work after having some rest for a while. (3)/ No Error (4)

Options:

1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4

Correct Answer: 2

353 - In the following question, some part of the sentence may have errors. Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from error, select 'No Error'. We must (1)/ denounce justice (2)/ and oppression. (3)/ No Error (4)

Options:   

1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4

Correct Answer: 2

354 - In the following question, some part of the sentence may have errors. Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from error, select ‘No Error’. I don’t think, Neha is a wiser as (1)/ Sonali, so she is not (2)/ competent for this job. (3)/ No Error (4)

Options:

1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4

Correct Answer: 1

355 - In the following question, some part of the sentence may have errors. Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from error, select 'No Error'. In the Mathematics class, I sit next to (1)/ Raj, who is the captain of the basket ball (2)/ team and undoubtedly the best basket ball player in Delhi. (3)/ No Error (4)

Options:

1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4

Correct Answer: 4

356 - In the following question, the sentence given with blank to be filled in with an appropriate word. Select the correct alternative out of the four and indicate it by selecting the appropriate option.
The examination will commence _____ next week.

Options:

1) since
2) from
3) on
4) with

Correct Answer: from

357 - In the following question, the sentence given with blank to be filled in with an appropriate word. Select the correct alternative out of the four and indicate it by selecting the appropriate option.
Sunita said that she had never _____ a book she liked so much.

Options:

1) viewed on
2) come across
3) held upon
4) saw into

Correct Answer: come across

358 - In the following question, the sentence given with blank to be filled in with an appropriate word. Select the correct alternative out of the four and indicate it by selecting the appropriate option.
Everything hinges _____ what happens next.

Options:

1) of
2) with
3) in
4) upon

Correct Answer: upon

359 - In the following question, the sentence given with blank to be filled in with an appropriate word. Select the correct alternative out of the four and indicate it by selecting the appropriate option.
Her father died because they did not immediately _____ a doctor.

Options:

1) call for
2) call up
3) call at
4) call in

Correct Answer: call up

360 - In the following question, the sentence given with blank to be filled in with an appropriate word. Select the correct alternative out of the four and indicate it by selecting the appropriate option.
Although his brother is blind, he is very fast _____ calculations.

Options:

1) in
2) with
3) at
4) about

Correct Answer: at

361 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word similar in meaning to the word given.

Perfidious

Options:

1) vigour
2) disloyal
3) bondage
4) relinquish

Correct Answer: disloyal

362 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word similar in meaning to the word given.

Apparition

Options:

1) award
2) correct
3) spirit
4) revenge

Correct Answer: spirit

363 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word similar in meaning to the word given.

Insolent

Options:

1) bold
2) dirty
3) feud
4) lucid

Correct Answer: bold

364 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word similar in meaning to the word given.

Sordid

Options:

1) unpleasant
2) variant
3) rigidity
4) tender

Correct Answer: unpleasant

365 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word similar in meaning to the word given.

Tenuous

Options:

1) wry
2) linger
3) clean
4) thin

Correct Answer: thin

366 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word opposite in meaning to the word given.

Babel

Options:

1) handsome
2) quiet
3) ignorant
4) careless

Correct Answer: quiet ]

367 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word opposite in meaning to the word given.

Derisive

Options:

1) lenient
2) respectful
3) extravagant
4) hostile

Correct Answer: respectful

368 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word opposite in meaning to the word given.

Reckless

Options:

1) puzzling
2) preacher
3) spiritual
4) cautious

Correct Answer: cautious

369 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word opposite in meaning to the word given.

Arcane

Options:

1) public
2) dark
3) evasive
4) secret

Correct Answer: public

370 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word opposite in meaning to the word given.

Wreck

Options:

1) advance
2) surfeit
3) triumph
4) build

Correct Answer: build

371 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.

Swelled head

Options:

1) Tired
2) Timid
3) Dreamer
4) Pride

Correct Answer: Pride

372 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.

To sow the dragon's teeth

Options:

1) To disturb the work
2) To suspect something foul
3) To take some action
4) To act foolishly

Correct Answer: To take some action

373 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.

Get around

Options:

1) Persuade
2) Recall
3) Exclude
4) Avoid

Correct Answer: Avoid

374 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.

To cudgel one's brains

Options:

1) To think hard
2) To kill by shooting in the head
3) To manipulate
4) To oppose someone

Correct Answer: To think hard

375 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase.

Broke Priscian's head

Options:

1) To use bad grammar
2) To quarrel
3) To hurt with grief
4) To put an end to

Correct Answer: To use bad grammar

376 - Improve the bracketed part of the sentence.

(No sooner I saw) the lizard than I ran away.

Options:

1) As soon as I saw
2) No sooner I had seen
3) No sooner did I see
4) no improvement

Correct Answer: No sooner did I see

377 - Improve the bracketed part of the sentence.

Rohit (did many mischiefs).

Options:

1) committed many mischiefs
2) made many a mischiefs
3) made much mischiefs
4) no improvement

Correct Answer: committed many mischiefs

378 - Improve the bracketed part of the sentence.

The police (broke away)the concert as it turned violent.

Options:

1) broke through
2) broke up
3) broke off
4) no improvement

Correct Answer: broke up

379 - Improve the bracketed part of the sentence.

Reena cannot (put forth)with her nasty fellow.

Options:

1) put in
2) put out
3) put up
4) no improvement

Correct Answer: put up

380 - Improve the bracketed part of the sentence.

The kid jumped with delight on seeing the (joker) at the circus.

Options:

1) dud
2) ruffian
3) clown
4) no improvement

Correct Answer: clown

381 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which is the best substitute of the phrase.

To move along with quick, short twistings

Options:

1) limp
2) stroll
3) wriggle
4) stride

Correct Answer: wriggle

382 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which is the best substitute of the phrase.

Put off for a future time

Options:

1) codify
2) reticent
3) procrastinate
4) retaliate

Correct Answer: procrastinate

383 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which is the best substitute of the phrase.

Greedy for money

Options:

1) agnostic
2) rapacious
3) oblation
4) celibacy

Correct Answer: rapacious

384 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which is the best substitute of the phrase.

Speak in a very low tone

Options:

1) whisper
2) murmur
3) bass
4) baritone

Correct Answer: whisper

385 - In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the alternative which is the best substitute of the phrase.

Search for something

Options:

1) chum
2) hurl
3) solemnize
4) quest

Correct Answer: quest

386 - In the following question, four words are given out of which one word is incorrectly spelt. Select the incorrectly spelt word.

Options:

1) appreciation
2) appropriate
3) apearance
4) assassination

Correct Answer: apearance

387 - In the following question, four words are given out of which one word is incorrectly spelt. Select the incorrectly spelt word.

Options:

1) coalition
2) cofficient
3) classification
4) christmas

Correct Answer: cofficient

388 - In the following question, four words are given out of which one word is incorrectly spelt. Select the incorrectly spelt word.

Options:

1) convenience
2) customary
3) coveteus
4) counselor

Correct Answer: coveteus

389 - In the following question, four words are given out of which one word is incorrectly spelt. Select the incorrectly spelt word.

Options:

1) leneint
2) leisure
3) liquefier
4) lieutenant

Correct Answer: leneint

390 - In the following question, four words are given out of which one word is incorrectly spelt. Select the incorrectly spelt word.

Options:

1) subsequence
2) secretariate
3) superstitious
4) superintendent

Correct Answer: secretariate

391 - In the following passage some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives.

One's mental attitude plays a very _____ role in one's life and _____. One's attitude must be healthy, active and reasonably _____. One must begin the day with a happy, energetic and _____ resolution with a firm _____ in God's moral order and divine justice. This attitude will change the entire complexion of life and make one more active, assertive and successful.

One's mental attitude plays a very _____ role

Options:

1) negligible
2) disgusting
3) important
4) mere

Correct Answer: important

392 - In the following passage some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives.

One's mental attitude plays a very _____ role in one's life and _____. One's attitude must be healthy, active and reasonably _____. One must begin the day with a happy, energetic and _____ resolution with a firm _____ in God's moral order and divine justice. This attitude will change the entire complexion of life and make one more active, assertive and successful.

in one's life and _____.

Options:

1) others
2) dreams
3) attitude
4) career

Correct Answer: career

393 - In the following passage some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives.

One's mental attitude plays a very _____ role in one's life and _____. One's attitude must be healthy, active and reasonably _____. One must begin the day with a happy, energetic and _____ resolution with a firm _____ in God's moral order and divine justice. This attitude will change the entire complexion of life and make one more active, assertive and successful.

One's attitude must be healthy, active and reasonably _____.

Options:

1) optimistic
2) pessimistic
3) balanced
4) challenging

Correct Answer: optimistic

394 - In the following passage some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives.

One's mental attitude plays a very _____ role in one's life and _____. One's attitude must be healthy, active and reasonably _____. One must begin the day with a happy, energetic and _____ resolution with a firm _____ in God's moral order and divine justice. This attitude will change the entire complexion of life and make one more active, assertive and successful.

day with a happy, energetic and _____ resolution

Options:

1) mere
2) large
3) hopeful
4) significant

Correct Answer: hopeful

395 - In the following passage some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives.

One's mental attitude plays a very _____ role in one's life and _____. One's attitude must be healthy, active and reasonably _____. One must begin the day with a happy, energetic and _____ resolution with a firm _____ in God's moral order and divine justice. This attitude will change the entire complexion of life and make one more active, assertive and successful.

with a firm _____ in God's moral order and divine justice.

Options:

1) resolution
2) decision
3) faith
4) idea

Correct Answer: faith

396 - A passage is given with five questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.

The Ganges is one of the largest rivers in Asia. It rises in the Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India's holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India's overall population, live in the Ganges river plains.

There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe that bathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges.
The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at a tremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India's holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area.

The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals.
Because of India's lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India's traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years.

This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhea.
While India's population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even more people.
Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants.
Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River.

From which of the following neighbouring countries, The Ganga flow through India into Bay of Bengal?

Options:

1) China
2) Bhutan
3) Bangladesh
4) Sri Lanka

Correct Answer: Bangladesh

397 - A passage is given with five questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.

The Ganges is one of the largest rivers in Asia. It rises in the Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India's holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India's overall population, live in the Ganges river plains.

There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe that bathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges.
The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at a tremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India's holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area.

The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals.
Because of India's lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India's traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years.

This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhea.
While India's population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even more people.
Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants.
Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River.

How many people (in million) clean their sins away in the Ganga River?

Options:

1) 2
2) 100
3) 500
4) 750

Correct Answer: 100

398 - A passage is given with five questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.

The Ganges is one of the largest rivers in Asia. It rises in the Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India's holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India's overall population, live in the Ganges river plains.

There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe that bathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges.
The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at a tremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India's holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area.
The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals.
Because of India's lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India's traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years.
This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhea.
While India's population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even more people.
Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants.
Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River.

According to the passage, which disease is not common due to the widespread pollution of the Ganga River?

Options:

1) Influenza
2) Diarrhoea
3) Hepatitis
4) Cholera

Correct Answer: Influenza

399 - A passage is given with five questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.

The Ganges is one of the largest rivers in Asia. It rises in the Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India's holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India's overall population, live in the Ganges river plains.
There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe that bathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges.
The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at a tremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India's holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area.
The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals.
Because of India's lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India's traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years.
This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhea.
While India's population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even more people.
Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants.
Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River.

According to the passage, which industry in India needs great amount of water?

Options:

1) lock
2) dyeing
3) cloth
4) leather

Correct Answer: leather

400 - A passage is given with five questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.

The Ganges is one of the largest rivers in Asia. It rises in the Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India's holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India's overall population, live in the Ganges river plains.
There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe that bathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges.
The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at a tremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India's holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area.
The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals.
Because of India's lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India's traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years.
This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhea.
While India's population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even more people.
Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants.
Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River.

Which International organization has agreed to give India a loan of a billion dollar to clean up the Ganga River?

Options:

1) The World Bank
2) IMF
3) ADB
4) IDA

Correct Answer: The World Bank
 

Study Kit For SSC Exam for Sub-Inspectors in Delhi Police & CAPFs, CISF

Go Back to Main Page

 

SSC CPO Exam Paper - 2017 "held on 01 July 2017" Shift-2

(General Knowledge and General Awareness)

251 - In Indian economy, the sectors are divided into Private and Public on what basis?

Options:

1) Ownership of enterprises
2) Usage of raw materials
3) Nature of economic activities
4) Employment policies

Correct Answer: Ownership of enterprises

252 - Which method is used to measure agricultural income in India?

Options:

1) Expenditure method
2) Output method
3) Commodity flow method
4) Input method

Correct Answer: Output method

253 - Who estimated the National Income in India for the first time?

Options:

1) Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis
2) Dr. V. K. R. V. Rao
3) Dadabhai Naoroji
4) M. G. Ranade

Correct Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji

254 - GDP – indirect taxes + subsidies = ______

Options:

1) NNP at factor cost
2) GDP at factor cost
3) GNP
4) Personal Income

Correct Answer: GDP at factor cost

255 - Establishment of Chittaranjan Locomotive took place during which Five Year Plan?

Options:

1) Second
2) Third
3) Fourth
4) First

Correct Answer: First

256 - What is the meaning of 'Laissez Faire Policy'?

Options:

1) Fair legislation
2) Control over trade
3) Withdrawal of 'some restrictions'
4) None of these

Correct Answer: Withdrawal of 'some restrictions'

257 - Who is the head of Municipal Corporation?

Options:

1) Prime Minister
2) Sarpanch
3) Governor
4) Mayor

Correct Answer: Mayor

258 - Which form of government believes in giving equal rights and opportunities for women and men?

Options:

1) Feminist
2) Secularist
3) Castiest
4) Communalist

Correct Answer: Feminist

259 - What is the maximum period for which the vice president can act as the President in case of vacancy in the the president's office?

Options:

1) 3 months
2) 6 months
3) 1 year
4) 2 years

Correct Answer: 6 months

260 - Currently, how many languages are recognized by Indian Constitution?

Options:

1) Fourteen
2) Fifteen
3) Sixteen
4) Twenty-two

Correct Answer: Twenty-two

261 - Which among the following is not appointed by the President of India?

Options:

1) Vice-President of India
2) Judge of Supreme Court
3) Attorney General of India
4) Chief Justice of India

Correct Answer: Vice-President of India

262 - Which of the following article describes India also as Bharat?

Options:

1) Article 1
2) Article 2
3) Article 3
4) Article 4

Correct Answer: Article 1

263 - Which of the following writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court?

Options:

1) Habeas Corpus
2) Quo Warranto
3) Prohibition
4) None of these

Correct Answer: Prohibition

264 - 'The Loyal Muhammadans of India' was a newspaper by which of the following?

Options:

1) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
2) Ashfaqulla Khan
3) Shaukat Ali
4) Sayyed Ahmed Khan

Correct Answer: Sayyed Ahmed Khan

265 - Who among of the following was the founder of society called 'Abhinav Bharat'?

Options:

1) Lala Lajpat Rai
2) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
3) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4) Bipin Chandra Pal

Correct Answer: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

266 - First battle of Panipat was fought between which two armies?

Options:

1) Babur and Lodi Empire
2) Britishers and Babur
3) Akbar and Hemu
4) Akbar and Rana of Mewar

Correct Answer: Babur and Lodi Empire

267 - Arrange the following historical events in the chronological order of their occurrence.

I. Champaran Satyagraha
II. Partition of Bengal
III. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Options:

1) I, II, III
2) II, III, I
3) II, I, III
4) I, III, II

Correct Answer: II, I, III

268 - Which of the following civilization is famous for its city/town planning?

Options:

1) Indus Valley Civilization
2) Mesopotamian Civilization
3) Persian Civilization
4) Egyptian Civilization

Correct Answer: Indus Valley Civilization

269 - Which of the following is suitable for well irrigation?

Options:

1) Rock surface of Peninsula
2) Dry surface/tracts of Rajasthan
3) Costal Plains
4) Deltaic region of Mahandi River

Correct Answer: Deltaic region of Mahandi River

270 - Rotational axis of which of the following planet is highly tilted?

Options:

1) Earth
2) Uranus
3) Neptune
4) Jupiter

Correct Answer: Uranus

271 - Near coastal areas, temperature on land in day time gets reduced due to _____.

Options:

1) Land breeze
2) Sea breeze
3) Both land and sea breeze
4) Sparsely populated coasts

Correct Answer: Sea breeze

272 - Which of the following city is located on the banks of river Potomac?

Options:

1) Berlin
2) Islamabad
3) Madrid
4) Washington D.C.

Correct Answer: Washington D.C.

273 - How much is the difference of time between any two consecutive longitudes?

Options:

1) 10 minutes
2) 14 minutes
3) 4 minutes
4) 30 minutes

Correct Answer: 4 minutes

274 - Which of the following is considered as physical basis of life?

Options:

1) Cell wall
2) Cell membrane
3) Mitochondria
4) Protoplasm

Correct Answer: Protoplasm

275 - Who of the following is known as 'Father of Zoology'?

Options:

1) Darwin
2) Aristotle
3) Heckle
4) Edward Jenner

Correct Answer: Aristotle

276 - Which of the following branch of biology is related with study of heredity and variations?

Options:

1) Microbiology
2) Immunology
3) Genetics
4) Entomology

Correct Answer: Genetics

277 - Which of the following is NOT a vestigial organ in human body?

Options:

1) Thymus Gland
2) Wisdom teeth
3) Pharynx
4) Thyroid gland

Correct Answer: Thyroid gland

278 - Bile is produced by which of the following gland?

Options:

1) Liver
2) Kidney
3) Gall bladder
4) Spleen

Correct Answer: Liver

279 - Which of the following cells secret insulin?

Options:

1) α cells
2) β cells
3) δ cells
4) Nerve cells

Correct Answer: β cells

280 - Mass of an object is a _____.

Options:

1) Physical Quantity
2) Fundamental Quantity
3) Scalar Quantity
4) All options are correct

Correct Answer: All options are correct

281 - When a bus starts suddenly, then passengers in the bus tend to fall backwards. This event is an example of _____.

Options:

1) Inertia of rest
2) Inertia of motion
3) Inertia of direction
4) None of these

Correct Answer: Inertia of rest

282 - Momentum of an object depends on which factors?

I. Mass of the object
II. Speed of the object
III. Volume of the object

Options:

1) I only
2) I and II only
3) I and III only
4) I, II and III

Correct Answer: I and II only

283 - What is the approximate height of any geostationary satellite from earth’s surface (in km)?

Options:

1) 36000
2) 45000
3) 48000
4) 30000

Correct Answer: 36000

284 - Which of the following is used to enter data and instructions into a computer?

Options:

1) Software
2) Output device
3) Malware
4) Input device

Correct Answer: Input device

285 - Which among the following has largest storing space?

Options:

1) Giga byte
2) Mega byte
3) Tera byte
4) Kilo byte

Correct Answer: Tera byte

286 - Which among the following is a pure element?

Options:

1) Glass
2) Cement
3) Sodium
4) Steel

Correct Answer: Sodium

287 - Sodium bicarbonate is chemical name of which of the following?

Options:

1) Baking Soda
2) Washing Powder
3) Plaster
4) Fly-Ash

Correct Answer: Baking Soda

288 - How is atomic mass number determined?

Options:

1) By total number of protons
2) By total number of neutrons
3) By adding number of protons and neutrons
4) By total number of electrons

Correct Answer: By adding number of protons and neutrons

289 - Which of the following reaction is the main cause of energy radiated from Sun?

Options:

1) Nuclear fission
2) Nuclear fusion
3) Chemical reaction
4) Diffusion reaction

Correct Answer: Nuclear fusion

290 - With which of the following is 'Van Mahotsav' associated?

Options:

1) Cutting of trees
2) Planting of trees
3) Genetic modification of trees
4) Increase in crops

Correct Answer: Planting of trees

291 - Plants which grow in salty water near sea shore are called as ______.

Options:

1) Halophytes
2) Xerophytes
3) Heliophytes
4) Saprophytes

Correct Answer: Halophytes

292 - How many ecological hotspots are present in India?

Options:

1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 5

Correct Answer: 4

293 - The Union Ministry of Human Resource Development has launched a nationwide 'Students for Soldiers: Vidya Veerta Abhiyan' to display portraits of ______ decorated soldiers in education institutes.

Options:

1) Ashok Chakra
2) Mahaveer Chakra
3) Paramveer Chakra
4) Veer Chakra

Correct Answer: Paramveer Chakra

294 - Who amongst the following gave the 'Periodic Law'?

Options:

1) Carlton McGee
2) Emil Fischer
3) Charles Darwin
4) Dmitri Mendeleev

Correct Answer: Dmitri Mendeleev

Options:

1) 1 – a, 2 – b, 3 – c
2) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – c
3) 1 – a, 2 – c, 3 – b
4) 1 – b, 2 – c, 3 – a

Correct Answer: 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – c

296 - Which of the following pair is INCORRECT?

Options:

1) Ghoomar – Rajasthan
2) Bihu – Bihar
3) Bhangra – Punjab
4) Lavani – Maharashtra

Correct Answer: Bihu – Bihar

297 - In the 64th National Awards, which Hindi film has been awarded the Best Hindi Film for the year 2016?

Options:

1) Neerja
2) Udta Punjab
3) Dangal
4) Sultan

Correct Answer: Neerja

298 - The book 'Hope in a challenged Democracy' is authored by _____.

Options:

1) M. Veerappa Moily
2) Sunita Narayan
3) Dr. Ashwini Kumar
4) Anuradha Roy

Correct Answer: Dr. Ashwini Kumar

299 - With which country India has signed a bilateral contract for development and operations of Chabahar port?

Options:

1) Israel
2) Iran
3) Tehran
4) Turkey

Correct Answer: Iran

300 - 'Operation Pawan' was a peace-keeping operation by India in its which neighbouring country?

Options:

1) Myanmar
2) Bangladesh
3) Nepal
4) Sri Lanka

Correct Answer: Sri Lanka

Study Kit For SSC Exam for Sub-Inspectors in Delhi Police & CAPFs, CISF

Go Back to Main Page

 

General Knowledge for SSC Exams (Ancient India)

The discovery of Mohenjodaro and Harappa by British archaeologist: Marshall proved that Indian civilization is the oldest civilization in the world. Even India came before Greece, considered the oldest civilization before the discovery of Mohenjodaro and Harappa. The main features of Ancient Indian History are as follows:

Indus Valley Civilization

Discovery : In 1921, R.B. Dayaram Sahani, first discovered Harappa, in the Montgomery district of the Punjab. According to radio-carbon dating, it spread from the year 2350-1750.

Dr. R. D. Banerjee found the ancient city Mohenjodaro (literally, ‘city of the dead’) in Larkana district of Sindh, now in Pakistan in 1922.

The Marvelous Town Planning of Mohenjodaro: A chief feature of Mohenjodaro is its superb town planning. The streets, which divided the city into neat rectangular or square blocks, varied in width but always intersected each other at right angles. The city had an elaborate drainage system, consisting of horizontal and vertical drains, street drains and so on. The architecture of the buildings was clearly intended to be functional and minimalist, and certainly not to please the aesthete. Mohenjodaro was obviously a cosmopolitan city, with people of different races mingling with the local populace-Proto-Austroloid, Mediterranean, Alpine and Mongoloid.Before the coming of Aryans, there was a civilization that was not only well-developed, but actually far more sophisticated than that of the Aryans. The beginning and end of the Indus Valley Civilization are both a matter of debate because people could not have emerged complete with their perfect town planning, neat houses, lovely jewellery and loads of make-up. So where did they come from? and then having come, just where did they disappear? Popular theory, which is most accepted is that the people of the Harappan civilization were chased out by the Aryans and went down south. The present South Indians are their descendants.

The Vedic Period (1500 Bc-600 Bc)

Initially, Aryans settled in the area of Sapt-Sindhu, which included Punjab, Kashmir, Sindh, Kabul and Gandhara (Kandhar). The chief sources of this period are The Vedas and the Epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, which through their stories and hymns tell us about the expansion of the Aryans. The epic Ramayana is a symbolic tale which tells of the Aryan expansion to the south-the good, almost godly, aryaputra (an Aryan’s son) king Rama surging forth to finish off the evil Dasyu (that was what the Aryans called the natives) Ravana.

Aryans Political System

There was complex political system. They hung around together in small village settlements (which later grew to kingdoms) and the basis of their political and social organization was the clan or kula. It was very much a patriarchal society, with the man the house expected to keep his clan in control.

The King was the Supreme Power

The king was the supreme power though he had to work in tandem with the people’s wishes. He had an elaborate court of many officials, including the chief queen (Mahishi) who was elected to help in the decision making process. Two Assemblies, Sabha and Samiti further assisted the king.

No Rigidity in Caste System

The caste system was a loose social system where people could move up and down the social scale. Aryan’s worshipped nature gods-they prayed to the Usha (Dawn), Prajapati (The Creator), Rudra (Thunder), Indra (Rain), Surya (Sun) and so on. These gods and goddesses were appeased by prayers and sacrifices. The status of woman declined.
There are 6 school of Indian philosophy known as Shad-Darshans.

Darshana	Founder
(1) Sankhya	Kapila
(2) Yoga	Patanjali
(3) Nyaya	Gautama
(4) Vaishesika	Kanada
(5) Mimanra	Jaimini
(6) Vedant/Uttara mimaura	Badarayana

The earliest reference to the 4 Ashramas - Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanprastha and Sanyara in found in teh Jabala Upanishad.

Growth of Buddhism and Jainism

Buddhism and Jainism were instant hits with the populace and became powerful clannish minorities while the bulk of the people remained with Aryanism. Not for long, however. As the two new religions which had extremely charismatic leaders and very zealous followers caught the people’s imagination, the influence of both faiths spread enough for kings to profess and actively promote them.

Buddhism

Buddhism founded by Gautam Budha or Siddhartha.

•  The Buddha also known is Sakyamuni or Tathagata.

•  Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu), in Nepal

•  His father Suddhodana was the Shakya/Sakya ruler

•  His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynasty) died after 7 days of his birth, brought up by stepmother Gautami.

•  Married at the age of 10 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 3 years and had a son named Rahul.

•  After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer.

•  Left his palace at the age of 29 in search of truth (also called Mahabhinishkramana’ or the Cheat renunciation) and wandered for 6 years.

•  Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.

•  Delivered the first sermon at Samath where his five disciples had settled. His first Sermon is called ‘Dharmachakra Privartana’ or ‘Turning of the wheel of Law’.

•  Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district of UP), in 483 BC at the age of 80 In the Malla republic.

Buddhist Councils

First Council : At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king was Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha in to two Pitakas- Vinaya Pitaka and Sutta Pitaka.

Second Council : At Vaisahali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was Kalarouka), followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas.

Third Council : At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Magaliputa Tissa (King was Ashoka) In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.

Fourth Council : At Kashmir (Kundalvan) in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was Kanishka, Vice-Chairman was ashwaghosha), divided Buddhism into Mahayana and Hinayana sects.

Buddist Literature : In Pali language.

Vinaya Pitaka : Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries.

Sutta Pitaka : Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s sermons.

Abhidhamma Pitaka : Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion.

Buddhist architecture development in three forms.
(i) Stupa - relics at the Buddha or same prominent Buddhist marks are preserval.
(ii) Chaita - prayer Hall
(iii) Vihara - reridence

Jainism

•  There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kashtriyas. First was Rishabhnath (Emblem: Bull).

•  The 23rd Tirthankar Parashwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras.

•  The 24th and last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.

•  His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika Clan.

•  His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi prince. Chetak of Vaishali.

•  Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.

•  Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple.

•  At the age of 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.

•  In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).

•  From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.

•  At the age of 72, he attained death of Pava, near Patna, in 527 Bc.

•  Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more, Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.

•  Five vows of Janism are

•  Ahimsa ( non-jury)

•  Satya (non-lying)

•  Asteya (non-stealing)

•  Aparigraha (non-possession)

•  Brahmacharya (chasty)

India was divided into sixteen states as ‘Mahajanapadas’ just before the rise at Buddhism in India. The 16 states are
1. Anga
2. Magadha
3. Kasi
4. Kosala
5. Vijji
6. Malla
7. Chedi
8. Vansal/Vatsa
9. Kuru
10. Panchala
11. Matsya
12. Suresena
13. Assaka
14. Avanti
15. Gandhara
16. Kamboja

Magadh Empire

Haryanka

The Kingdom at Magadha emerged to be most powerful. The first important Magadha king, who emerges into the limelight was Bimbisara (544–491 BC) of the. He was an extremely polished diplomat and crafty statesman. While the earlier rulers had brought Magadha out of clear and present danger, it was Bimbisara, who consolidated and increased that power and really gave it the identity of a kingdom. Bimbisara was a contemporary of the Buddha and met him twice. When he met him the second time, in Rajgriha (which is an important Buddhist pilgrimage today), Bimbisara converted to Buddhism. Bimbisara was assassinated by his impatient son Ajatsatru. Ajatsatru continued his imperialist policies. The most famous rivalry went on between him and the Lichchavi dynasty that ruled Vaishali (in Bihar), which he eventually managed to conquer. Ajatsatru was a colourful character and a man of sentiment. There are tales of his passionate affair with the chief courtesan of Vaishali, called Amrapali. During his reign, that Buddha attained parinirvana (nirvana from all births and bonds). Ajatsatru insisted upon a part of his relics be buried in a stupa (shrine) that he got erected in Rajgriha.

Ajatshtru was succeeded by his son Vdayin, he haid the foundation of the city of patliputra.

Shishunaga Dynasty

The Shishunanga dynasty faded fast after Ajatsatru. The last recorded ruler of the family was Kakavarna who was put to death by Mahapadmananda, of the Nanda dynasty, which followed the Shishunagas.
The Nandas known for their airs of magnificence and immense wealth (which they amassed by huge taxation). They were of lowborn sudra stock and hence had the odds stacked against them right from the start. The Nandas, though very powerful with a huge standing army and a grand court, were apparently a very vain lot. The most famous of this dynasty was Dhanananda. He started his own downfall by insulting a certain unsightly looking Brahmin, who unfortunately for Dhanananda, turned out to have surprising vision, intellect and Machiavellian cunning.

Alexander Invasion (Great Invasion)

Alexander, the son of Phillip of Macedonia (Greece), invaded India in 326 BC. His major battle was with Poras, the king of Punjab on the banks of river Jhelum. Alexander emerged victorius. It was the result of Alexander’s invasion that the link between India and the West was initiated.

Mauryan Dynasty (321 Bc-185 BC)

The dynasty that Chandragupta and Chanakya established in Magadha together, was the first real dynasty of Indian history. There is no certain theory about the lineage of Mauryas. One of the most prominent theory was that he was actually the son of Dhanananda mistress called Mura, and hence the name Maurya. Whatever might be the lineage of Chandragupta Maurya, Chanakya, with him made a formidable team and stayed together till the end of Chandragupta’s reign, when Chanakya lived to see the early half of his successor Bindusara’s (298-273BC) reign too. There is sufficient evidence to prove that elaborate planning and much intrigue went to shake the Nandas out of the Magadha throne. Megasthenese was a Greek to the court at maurya by selecus Nikator. Chandragupt occupied, magadhan throne in 321 B.C. with the help at ‘Chanakya’ (Kautilya), (Vishnu Gupta).

He was a dynamic and brilliant diplomat. He started sending and receiving missions to Egypt, Greece, Persia, Mesopotamia and various other countries. Trade increased, the economy prospered and there was general prosperity in the kingdom. He was succeeded by Ashoka the Great.

Ashoka the Great

Ashoka Piyadassi Maurya (269-232 BC) was perhaps Buddhism’s most famous convert. He has caught the imagination of many as the cruel king who suddenly, after one battle, saw the light and became an avowed non-violent though he did put all his brothers to death to come to the throne, but then that was no different from what any other aspiring king would have done, and no doubt any of his brothers in similar circumstances would have done the same. It was during Ashoka’s reign, for the first time, almost the entire regions of present-day India were united under one central authority. Ashoka made Buddhism the state religion. Ashoka propounded the philosophy of Dhamma, which was something like correct moral code of conduct meets metaphysics. It has been suggested that Ashoka abandoned all violence so thoroughly that he even disbanded the army. Ashoka also sent Buddhist missionaries abroad to spread the light; the most famous of these was sent to then Ceylon (Sri Lanka), under his own son Mahindra and daughter Sanghamitra.

After Ashoka, a few Mauryan kings came but they could not sustain the kingdom. Consequently, the Mauryans were succeeded by Pushyamitra Sunga (184-149 BC)

The Post-maurya Period

In the post-Maurya period, three dynasties jostled, came and went with astonishing speed on the Magadhan throne. The first among these were the Sungas, under whom the country made certain progress. The Sunga rulers were also quite successful in checking foreign invasions. Art and culture also flourished considerably under the Sungas who were particularly known to be great patrons of both. The Sungas were followed by the Kanvas, who were almost like a blip in the scene of Indian history, lasting only 45 years in all, The other important dynasty of this Post­Mauryan confusion was the Andhras or the Satavahanas. According to traditional sources, they were apparently Dasyus (as opposed to Aryans) from south India. Even in Ashoka’s time, this dynasty had risen to quite a bit of prominence along the southwest regions. Though the dynasty was founded by Simukha (235-213 BC), it had 30 kings in all.
One of the most famous rulers of this dynasty was Sri Satkarni (194-184 BC), who had a kingdom covering almost all of south India, down to the andhra region and around with his capital as the present Aurangabad. The next important dynasty to step into the scene were the Kushanas, about whom not much is known. Though there is controversy even over the date of accession of their most important king Kanishka, he most probably ruled sometime in the first century AD. Kanishka has been greatly associated with Buddhism and his reign made the religion popular again. It was in his reign that Buddhism split into two sects, Hinayana (the older simpler religion when Buddha was not considered God) and Mahayana (the more ritualistic Buddhism, which worships the Buddha). The latter was the state religion of the Kushanas, who were Indo-Greek by origin.

Gupta Dynasty

After the Kushanas, India saw political unity only under the second great dynasty of ancient Indian history after the Mauryas, the Guptas. The imperial Guptas were great conquerors, efficient administrators and renowned patrons of the arts, science and culture. What’s more, they lasted for long; they had at least six strong rulers. Their reign is called the Golden Age of ancient Indian history. It is during this reign that the Hinduism was revived. To revive the glory of the ‘old’ culture, which had been obscured by the so-called foreign rulers, must have been a matter of pride for them. For example the caste system came back with a vengeance but no longer as the flexible loose social structure of the early Aryan days, but a strict code that later became such a curse for India.

Great Rulers of Gupta Dynasty

The first Gupta king was Chandra Gupta (320-335 AD), though not much is known about him. Next in line was Samudragupta (335-375 AD) who, by all accounts, seemed to have been nothing short of a genius. He introduced the concept of annexation. It meant that he retained the old kings as vassals to keep the administration going. He was a skillful diplomat who had excellent relations with not only foreign rulers but also his vassal-kings, surely a much more difficult task to achieve, Due to his ingenious ideas of government, Samudragupta could establish a really powerful empire. He was also a great scholar and was especially fond of poetry and spiritual studies.

Samudragupta was followed by his elder son Ramagupta (375-380 AD), who was a blot on that proud family’s good name. Apparently he was having immense trouble with the central Asian Saka invaders who refused to budge from borders of the empire and threatened to come in. Ramagupta sued for peace, and the Saka king agreed on one condition that his queen Dhruvadevi he surrendered to him. Which was okay with Ramagupta, but not his younger samudragupta who, disguised as the queen, entered the Saka camp and killed his brother and married Dhruvadevi and succeeded the throne. He came to be called Chandragupta Vikramaditya (380-413AD) and was an excellent ruler. Vikramaditya’s main achievement was that he managed to quash the stronghold of the Saka might (called the Saka Satraps) in India. Fa-Hien, the famous Chinese Buddhist traveller-student came to India during his rule. The next kings of the dynasty were Kumaragupta (413-AD) anupta (455—468 AD). They were considerably troubled by foreign invasions, especially the latter who had to contend with the Huns. The Huns, were defeated by Skandagupta. The period between 458—540 AD saw five Gupta rulers and the slipping away of the reigns of a once-powerful kingdom away from their hands. The Guptas were the last great dynasty to rule India till the Delhi Sultanate came along much later and certainly they were the end of great Aryan rulers.

Vardhana Dynasty

The final important ruler of Ancient Indian history was Harsha Vardhana (606-646 AD), who ruled not from Magadha but Thanesar (in modern Haryana area) of the Vardhana dynasty. He was a Buddhist and convened many Buddhist assemblies. The second Chinese traveller to come to India, Huien Tsang, arrived during his reign. The south presented a medley of dynasties around the time of Harsha Vardhana. There were the Pandyas (in regions of Mudurai, Travancore and Tinnevelly), the Chalukyas (in present Maharashtra region) and Pallavas (in modem Tamil Nadu region), who had this terrific battle of supremacy going constantly. Pulakesan H (610-642AD) was the ablest of the Chalukyan kings and for a time managed to keep the Chalukyan flag flying above the others.

Other Dynasties

The Most Powerful Cholas

The most important dynasty to rise out of the southern India was Cholas. Unlike other dynasties (the Chalukyas, the Pallavas, the Pandvas or the Rashtrakutas), their origins are not traced from outside, but very much from the south itself. The Deccan region was at this time in much turmoil.

The Cholas managed with sheer tenacity over a period of 300 years from 900-1100 AD. This period saw the final settling down and consolidation of Tamil culture. In whatever sphere­whether of social institutions, religion, fine arts, music, dance, jewellery, the standards that were set during this period came to be regarded as classical, and dominate, in a modified form, much of the living patterns of south Indians even today. This period also saw the spread of this culture overseas to Southeast Asia, regions with whom the Cholas had strong political and economic relations.

The Cholas came to power in the middle of the 9th century AD. The first ruler was Rajaraja Chola I (985-1014 AD) and his son and successor Rajendra Chola (1014-1035AD). Both father and son put their heads down and campaigned in almost every direction. The Cholas had an effective navy and Rajaraja, with a view to control this trade route completely, led an attack to the Maldive Islands too. Rajendra I, ruled together with father for two years before going solo in 1014 AD. He aggressively continued his father’s imperialist policies with the annexation of the region around modem Hyderabad, which was controlled by the Chalukyas at that time. He also turned his attention northwards where he reached right upto the Ganges valley, Orissa and west Bengal areas. Rajendra Chola I was killed in 1052 AD, in battle against his old foes, the Chalukyas.

Ascent of Rajput Power

The timed the fading away of Harsha Vardhana (606-646 AD) and with it the Vardhana might and the rise of Islamic power in India was occupied with the ascent of Rajput power. This, however, wap a very short-lived period, mainly due to the in-fighting among the fiercely divided Rajputs. As can be imagined, India under the Rajputs was not exactly what one could call a single and completely unified unit. Delhi and Ajmer, under the Chauhans, were the most powerful states of this period. However, the first Rajputs to hit Delhi were the Tomaras. One of the earliest Tomara rulers to settle in Delhi. Their rule was pretty, short-lived, though, and soon the Chauhan Rajputs under the generalship of Prithviraj Chauhan seized control of Lal Kot-Quila Rai Pithora in the 12th century. There were other states where Rajputs were gaining prominence. Like Kanauj (in present Uttar Pradesh) where in this period ruled Jaichand, a Rathore (another Rajput family) ruler, who was a bitter rival of Prithviraj Chauhan. In Bundelkhand (in Madhya Pradesh), the Chandravansi (of the moon family) Chandelas were ruling.

Malwa and Gujarat were under the Paramaras (the most important ruler was king Bhoj) and Chaulukyas (who are supposed to descendants of the Chalukyas) respectively. This was a very troubled time in Indian history. There was no clear central authority in sight and each petty ruler was daring to dream the mad dream of ruling all over the country-which at that point in time meant basically the Gangetic plains and the Deccan.
This is the main reason why no ruler was able to hold Delhi long enough to establish a kingdom here, and also the principle reason why the Arabs and Turks did not exactly have to sweat to the bone to stamp their ority all over them.

MEDIEVAL INDIA

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206 Ad-1526 Ad)

Mohammad Ghori invaded India & laid the foundation of the Muslim dominion in India. He may be considered the ‘found of Muslim rule’ in India.

The Slave Dynasty (1206-90)

He was a Turkish slave by origin, he was powerhard by Mohammad Ghori who later made him his Governer. After the death of Ghori, Aibak founded the slave Dyanrty in 1206.

He caustructed ‘Ahai din ka Jopra’ at Ajmer. He also began the construction of Qutub Minar. His successor Iltutmish (1211 to 1235 AD) completed the construciton of Qutub Minar slave dynarty is also famous for having given Indian its first woman ruler.

Rajia was succeeded by his brother Bahram Shah. Another important rular of slave dynasty was Balbau who introduced ‘Sajda & Paibor’ as the normal forms of salutation.

The Khilji Dynasty (1209-1320 AD)

Jalaludin Khilji founded the Khilji Dynarty. Another important rules was Alaudin Khilji- Amir Khusrau was his favourite court poet.

The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)

Important rules was:- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Mohammad-bin-Tughlq, Firoz Shah Tughalaq.

The Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)

Bahlol Lodhi founded teh lodhi Dynasty. Sikandar Lodhi shifted his capital from Dehli to Agra, a city founded by him. Ibrahim Lodhi was the least king at teh Lodhi Dynasty.

The Mughal Dynasty

(1526 AD-1540 AD and 1555 AD-1857 AD)

The first Mughal who invaded Delhi Sultanate was Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (1526­1530 AD), who had the blood of the great central Asian families of Chingez Khan from his mother’s side and that of Timur from his father’s, had been hunting for a home to call his own since he was a teenager. He had been driven out of Samarkand and forced to set up a kingdom elsewhere by his cousins and uncles. Babur looked at Kabul in Afghanistan to start afresh. In 1526, he crossed over the Indus to reach Panipat, where he defeated Ibrahim Lodi in one of the most significant battles of Indian history. Babur was -a military general of formidable credentials and his troops would follow him everywhere, and indeed did for thoroughly battle-scarred his tenure. The first person he defeated was Rana Sanga, who was perhaps appalled at Babur’s obvious intentions of getting comfortable and staying on in Delhi. After taking Mewar, Babur moved on other battlefields, defeating many kingdoms with a speed which was astonishing.

Babur was succeeded by his son Humayun in 1530 AD, and ruled till 1556 AD, in between which there was a break of 16 years when Sher Shah Suri (1540-1556), an Afghan noble, overthrew him. However, after a long struggle Humayun was able to take back his kingdom when, his sister, Gulbadan Begum wrote his biography “Humayunama”. Sher Shah Suri died. Not for long though, for Humayun died the very same year by slipping from the staircase of his library.

Humayun was succeeded by his son Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (1556-1605 AD), at the age of 14. In 1556 AD, 14-year-old Akbar led his first army to battle in the famous old battlefield of Panipat which no doubt was a sentimental moment for him because, like all Mughals, he was fiercely clannish. The Second battle of Panipat was fought in between him and Hemu, the Prime Minister of the Sultan of Bengal, who had set out against Akbar, the moment he heard the news about Humayun’s death.

This battle was to decide the future of the young Mughal for Hemu was a formidable antagonist. Akbar managed to decisively beat Hemu. What helped him was that Hemu got a little carried away and arrived in battle on an elephant, which made him a pretty much a sitting duck; Akbar shot him an arrow right into the eye. As soon as this occurred Hemu’s army panicked and ran away, and Hemu himself was killed by Akbar. If the first battle of Panipat signaled the arrival of the Mughals, the second was of greater importance. Akbar fought battles all over India, and at the end of it all had an empire that stretched down to the present Karnataka in the south, touching right upto the Hindukush range in the north, all of Rajasthan in the west and after taking in Kashmir and Bihar going on to Bengal in the east. Akbar was not only a good military man but he had a great head for diplomacy and statesmanship as well. He is famous for his Rajput diplomacy, which included some strategic matrimonial alliances (an idea he was the first to use), that turned the fiercely independent Rajputs from his hitter enemies to staunch allies who were ready to lay down their lives for him. He also made many reforms in administration and army management, and started many innovations.In 1600 AD, Jahangir rebelled against Akbar when he was away in the Deecan engaged in battle. In the confusion of events to follow, Abul Fazl was killed, which made the great Mughal emperor lived with his son. In October 1605, Akbar fell ill and Jahangir was crowned emperor by him when he was on his death bed. Jahangir married Nur Jahan in 1611. Nur Jahan was the real power behind Jahangir. She was a great queen, and a woman of amazing gifts. She was quite a beauty and set many trends in designs of clothes, textiles and jewellery. The attar (perfume) of roses was just one of this great lady’s innovations. She was also a very capable and shrewd administrator. No detail, however small, escaped the queen’s attention. Her ability to keep a cool head was almost legendary and she amazed even battle­hardy generals with her calm and poise in the middle of crisis. She has been accused of nepotism and of giving rise to a class of nobility which composed entirely of her kith and kin, but that she was entirely in control is dear fns the fact that she rebuked even her brother when she thought so fit. However, Nur Jahan was not without failings and her biggest was ambition, not only for herself but for her child-a daughter from earlier marriage.

Jahangir was succeeded by his son Shahjahan. The reign of Shahjahan has been widely acclaimed as the golden period of the Mughal dynasty. Except for one drought in 1630 in the areas of Deccan, Gujrat and Khandesh, the kingdom was secure and free from poverty. The coffers of the state were brimming with the right stuff. So it’s no wonder that Shahjahan was the greatest and most assiduous builder of the Mughal dynasty. In 1639, he decided to shift his capital to Delhi and construct a new city there on the banks of the Yamuna, near Ferozabad.

It was to be called Shahjahanabad and the famously spectacular peacock throne (the one that Nadir Shah took away) was transferred from Agra to the Red Fort, the new -seat of the Mughal rulers, on April 8,1648. His greatest and most memorable of achievements of course was the breathtaking Taj Mahal, which he built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in child birth. The end of Shahjahan’s reign did not live upto the beginning; it saw one of the messiest battles of succession that Indian history ever witnessed. In September 1657, Shahjahan fell ill and it was rumored that the emperor was dead. This was enough to spark off intense intrigue in the court. All the four claimants to Shahjahan’s throne were the children of the same mother. in 1657, Dara Shikoh was 43, Shah Shuja 41, Aurangzeb 39 and Murad 33. All of them were governors of various provinces: Dara was the governor of Punjab, Murad of Gujrat, Aurangzeb of the Deeean and Shah Shuja of Bengal. Aurangzeb was the ablest of Shahjahan’s sons and a clear favorite for the throne. His credentials, both in battle and administration were legendary. Aurangzeb beat the armies of Dara Shikoh, Murad along with the Mughal armies twice in battle, and move towards Agra, where Shah Jahan was convalescing. Aurangzeb ruled the single largest state ever in Mughal history. Aurangzeb’s rise to the throne was ruthless. However, he was no more cruel than others of his family. He succeeded not because he was crueller but because he was more efficient and more skilled in the game of statecraft with its background of dissimulation; and if it’s any consolation, he never shed unnecessary blood.

Once established he showed himself a firm and capable administrator who retained his grip of power until his death at the age of 88. He was an orthodox Sunni Muslim who thought himself a model Muslim ruler. In this zealousness to promote the cause of Islam, Aurangzeb made many fatal blunders and needless enemies. He alienated the Rajputs, whose valuable and trusted loyalty had been so hard won by his predecessors, revolted against him. Eventually he managed to make peace with them, but he could never be easy in his mind about Rajputana again, a fact that hampered his Deeean conquest severely. Then, he made bitter enemies in the Sikhs and the Marathas. Things came to such a head that Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of the Sikhs was at first tortured and then executed by Aurangzeb for not accepting Islam; a martyrdom which is mourned to this day by the Sikh community. The 10th Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Govind Singh then raised an open banner of revolt against Aurangzeb. By the death of Aurangzeb in Aurangabad in 1707, there ended the mighty period of Mughal dynasty.

Join Online Coaching for SSC Exams

Join Online Coaching for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

Buy Printed Study Material for SSC Exam

Buy Printed Study Material for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

General Knowledge for SSC Exams (Sources of History)

The Indian History is perhaps the oldest in the world, and the sources of Indian History are the verbal history, because our ancients never did bother about putting things down on paper and archaeological evidences. Based on the evidences available today, Indian History, like the history of every ancient culture in the world, is broadly divided into four periods as mentioned below:

Pre-History

From the big bang, the primeval swamp to the Indus Valley civilization. Though Indus Valley civilization is included in pre-historical period. However, technical evidences shows that Indus Valley civilization did have a script, although it has not been decoded yet. So, it is generally included in Ancient History nowadays.

Ancient History

It begins from the Indus Valley civilization (for which the date is a matter of hot debate, but historians have agreed to disagree on 3000 BC) to just after the king Harsha Vardhana, which is around 700-800 BC.

Medieval History

It begins from 800 BC to mid-18th century AD.

Modern History

From mid-18th century to the independence of India, which is on August 15, 1947. The history of Modern India is further sub-divided into two major periods:
1. The British Period.
2. The Indian Freedom Struggle and Partition of India.

Join Online Coaching for SSC Exams

Join Online Coaching for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

Buy Printed Study Material for SSC Exam

Buy Printed Study Material for SSC CHSL (10+2) Exams

SSC CPO Exam Paper - 2017 "held on 01 July 2017" Shift - 2

(Reasoning)

201 - In the following question, select the related word from the given alternatives.

Chicken : Hen : : ? : ?

Options:

1) Horse : Mare
2) Rabbit : Goose
3) Bull : Doe
4) Boar : Foal

Correct Answer: Horse : Mare

202 - In the following question, select the related word from the given alternatives.

Mason : Plumb line : : ? : ?

Options:

1) Surgeon : Scalpel
2) Sculptor : Spade
3) Blacksmith : Forcep
4) Gardener : Saw

Correct Answer: Surgeon : Scalpel

203 - In the following question, select the related letters from the given alternatives.

BKPG : DNRJ : : CMOG : ?

Options:

1) DOQI
2) EPQJ
3) EQPJ
4) EQJP

Correct Answer: EPQJ

204 - In the following question, select the related letters from the given alternatives.

DHPQ : ZDLM : : SWIY : ?

Options:

1) OSEU
2) OSUE
3) OESU
4) OTDV

Correct Answer: OSEU

205 - In the following question, select the related number from the given alternatives.

256 : 290 : : 961 : ?

Options:

1) 1011
2) 1017
3) 1025
4) 1023

Correct Answer: 1025

206 - In the following question, select the related number from the given alternatives.

14 : 194 : : 16 : ?

Options:

1) 254
2) 256
3) 258
4) 260

Correct Answer: 254

207 - In the following question, select the odd word from the given alternatives.

Options:

1) Farmer
2) Blacksmith
3) Cobbler
4) Helper

Correct Answer: Helper

208 - In the following question, select the odd word pair from the given alternatives.

Options:

1) Mumbai : President's House
2) Delhi : Parliament
3) Nagpur : Centre Point
4) Hyderabad : Charminar

Correct Answer: Mumbai : President's House

209 - In the following question, select the odd letters from the given alternatives.

Options:

1) AZ
2) MN
3) IS
4) GT

Correct Answer: IS

210 - In the following question, select the odd letters from the given alternatives.

Options:

1) LNPR
2) HJLN
3) SUVX
4) BDFH

Correct Answer: SUVX

211 - In the following question, select the odd number pair from the given alternatives.

Options:

1) 8
2) 27
3) 49
4) 216

Correct Answer: 49

212 - In the following question, select the odd number pair from the given alternatives.

Options:

1) 123 – 321
2) 456 – 654
3) 789 – 978
4) 678 – 876

Correct Answer: 789 – 978

213 - Arrange the given words in the sequence in which they occur in the dictionary.

1. Clone
2. Climate
3. Clutter
4. Create
5. Clapped

Options:

1) 52143
2) 51234
3) 52134
4) 53124

Correct Answer: 52134

214 - Arrange the given words in the sequence in which they occur in the dictionary.

1. Lasted
2. Loop
3. Lake
4. Litter
5. Listed

Options:

1) 31542
2) 31254
3) 31245
4) 31452

Correct Answer: 31542

215 - A series is given with one term missing. Select the correct alternative from the given ones that will complete the series.

B, D, H, N, ?

Options:

1) T
2) U
3) V
4) W

Correct Answer: V

216 - A series is given with one term missing. Select the correct alternative from the given ones that will complete the series.

AAA, BCD, CEG, ?

Options:

1) DGI
2) DFI
3) DGJ
4) DJG

Correct Answer: DGJ

217 - In the following question, select the missing number from the given series.

127, 63, 31, 15, 7, ?

Options:

1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 5

Correct Answer: 3

218 - In the following question, select the missing number from the given series.

2, 22, 198, 1386, ?

Options:

1) 2770
2) 3990
3) 6930
4) 9702

Correct Answer: 6930

219 - A is taller than B. C is taller than D, but shorter than E. B is shorter than D and D is taller than A. Who is the tallest?

1) E
2) C
3) B
4) D

Correct Answer: E

220 - If 'A + B' means 'A is father of B', 'A – B' means 'A is mother of B', 'A * B' means 'A is brother of B' and 'A % B' means 'A is sister of B', then how is Q related to S in 'P + Q * R – S'?

Options:

1) Husband
2) Uncle
3) Brother
4) Father

Correct Answer: Uncle

221 - P is shorter than Q but taller than T. R is the tallest and S is shorter than P but not the shortest. Who is second last in the descending order of height?

Options:

1) P
2) Q
3) S
4) T

Correct Answer: S

222 - In the following question, select the word which cannot be formed using the letters of the given word.

QUALIFICATION

Options:

1) LIAR
2) FIAT
3) LION
4) FICTION

Correct Answer: LIAR

223 - In the following question, select the word which cannot be formed using the letters of the given word.

POSSESSION

Options:

1) SESSION
2) POSE
3) POISE
4) OBSESS

Correct Answer: OBSESS

224 - In a certain code language, "RANGE" is written as "FIQEW" and "ARAGE" is written as "FIDVF". How is "PRANK" written in that code language?

Options:

1) MQEWV
2) LPDVU
3) UVDPL
4) VWEQM

Correct Answer: LPDVU

225 - In a certain code language, "HAUNTED" is written as "4013592" and "RINGED" is written as "763892". How is "HINGE" written in that code language?

Options:

1) 36589
2) 57864
3) 40359
4) 46389

Correct Answer: 46389

226 - If "P" denotes "divided by", "R" denotes "added to", "S" denotes "subtracted from" and "Q" denotes "multiplied by", then

48 P 4 R 3 Q 4 S 6 Q 4 = ?

Options:

1) 20
2) 1
3) 6
4) 0

Correct Answer: 0

227 - In the following question, correct the equation by interchanging two numbers.

9 × 3 – 8 ÷ 2 + 7 = 26

Options:

1) 3 and 7
2) 9 and 2
3) 7 and 9
4) 3 and 8

Correct Answer: 7 and 9

228 - If 9 θ 11 α 2 = 40 and 13 θ 12 α 3 = 75, then 40 θ 41 α 5 = ?

Options:

1) 340
2) 365
3) 320
4) 405

Correct Answer: 405

229 - If 8 α 48, 12 α 120 and 15 α 195, then what is the value of 'A' in 19 α A?

Options:

1) 323
2) 347
3) 360
4) 312

Correct Answer: 323

230 -

Options:

1) 1
2) 2
3) 4
4) 6

Correct Answer: 6

231.

Options:

1) 72
2) 75
3) 88
4) 82

Correct Answer: 82

232.
 

Options:

1) 13
2) 15
3) 17
4) 19

Correct Answer: 17

233.

Options:

1) 15
2) 17
3) 19
4) 23

Correct Answer: 15

234 - In each of the following question below are given some statements followed by some conclusions. Taking the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts, read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows the given statements.

Statements:

I. All pens are cups.
II. All glasses are cups.

Conclusions:

I. Some pens are glass.
II. Some glasses are cups.
III. Some glasses are pens.

Options:

1) Only conclusion (I) and (III) follow
2) Only conclusion (I) follows
3) Only conclusion (II) follows
4) No conclusion follows

Correct Answer: Only conclusion (II) follows

235 - In each of the following question below are given some statements followed by some conclusions. Taking the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts, read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows the given statements.

Statements:

I. No pens are pencils.
II. No eraser is cup.
III. All pencils are erasers.

Conclusions:

I. Some pens are not erasers.
II. Some erasers are not pens.
III. No pencil is cup.
IV. Some erasers are cups.

Options:

1) Only conclusion (I) and (IV) follow
2) Only conclusion (I) and (III) follow
3) Only conclusion (II) and (III) follow
4) Only conclusion (II) and (IV) follow

Correct Answer: Only conclusion (II) and (III) follow

236.

237.

Options:

1) ^
2) %
3) $
4) None of these

Correct Answer: ^

Options:

1) 3
2) 5
3) 7
4) 4

Correct Answer: 4

Options:

1) 7
2) 4
3) 5
4) 6

Correct Answer: 5

240.

Options:

1) 4
2) 3
3) 5
4) 2

Correct Answer: 2

241.

242.

243.

244.

 245.

 

 

 

 

Options:

1) 66, 00, 68, 14, 76
2) 95, 44, 87, 33, 88
3) 89, 32, 75, 42, 69
4) 57, 13, 99, 20, 58

Correct Answer: [ No Correct Answer ]

QID. 250

Options:

1) 13, 68, 10, 67, 40
2) 42, 89, 41, 85, 31
3) 34, 75, 33, 79, 20
4) 13, 56, 24, 95, 14

Correct Answer: [ No Correct Answer ]

Study Kit For SSC Exam for Sub-Inspectors in Delhi Police & CAPFs, CISF

Go Back to Main Page